Where is the love?
The article I mentioned here on 3/12/12 is in the news, again.
I Want to Know Where Love Is: First Brain Map of Love and Desire
Excerpt: “Love and sexual desire activate different areas of the striatum. The area activated by sexual desire is usually activated by things that are inherently pleasurable, such as sex or food. The area activated by love is involved in the process of conditioning by which things paired with reward or pleasure are given inherent value. That is, as feelings of sexual desire develop into love, they are processed in a different place in the striatum.”
My comment: An animal model is missing from this representation of how the conditioning of sexual desire develops into love. For example, model organisms are typically used to link “…things that are inherently pleasurable, such as sex or food…” to the development of pathways in the brain. These researchers claim that a pathway links love and sexual desire. Where’s the animal model or model organism for that?
Here it is! Pfaus et al., (2012) details how odors are responsible for sexual reward and bonding, which seem to merge in conscious awareness under the right circumstances (e.g., in humans) as romantic love. But the representation in Cacioppo et al, (2012) is one where viewing erotic pictures or looking at photographs of their significant others was used to form a complete map of love and desire in the brain. Are odors responsible for love and desire, or is it what we see?
A complete map of love and desire in the brain must have its basis in what is currently known about the molecular biology of brain development. Fortunately, there’s an animal model for that. For example, the neuroanatomist, Simon LeVay writes: “This model is attractive in that it solves the “binding problem” of sexual attraction. By that I mean the problem of why all the different features of men or women (visual appearance and feel of face, body, and genitals; voice quality, smell; personality and behavior, etc.) attract people as a more or less coherent package representing one sex, rather than as an arbitrary collage of male and female characteristics. If all these characteristics come to be attractive because they were experienced in association with a male- or female-specific pheromone, then they will naturally go together even in the absence of complex genetically coded instructions (LeVay, 2011, p. 210).”
I’ve taken this model of olfactory/pheromonal conditioning (Kohl, 2007), which LeVay summarized, even further in accord with the role of odors and rewards, which is consistent with Pfaus et al., (2012), but not consistent with the representation in Cacioppo et al, (2012). In “Human pheromones and food odors: epigenetic influences on the socioaffective nature of evolved behaviors” (Kohl, 2012), I detailed how the molecular biology that’s common to species from microbes to man allows nutrient chemicals and pheromones to influence reward-driven behavior in all species.
Unfortunately, there is no love in this model. But, if there were, it would be both the love of food and the love of other people. All reward mechanisms in my model are directly linked to behavior from the epigenetic effects of nutrient chemicals manifested in food odors, and the animal ‘chemistry’ of attraction manifested in pheromones. It’s food odors and pheromones that are responsible for our inherently pleasurable experiences with food or sex. Erotic imagery or looking at photographs cannot be used to map love and desire in the brain any more than a picture of food could be used to map the desire to eat or the ‘love’ of food. Showing how the brain lights up, does not show anything about the biology of cause and effect. (The end does not necessarily show the means.)
The map that’s required is one that must be based on what’s already known, which is that olfaction and odor receptors provide a clear evolutionary trail that can be followed from unicellular organisms to insects to humans. That map requires details of the neurophysiological mechanisms required to link sensory input from the environment directly to epigenetic effects on hormones that affect behavior.
If you want to know where love is, you can find out by following the path from your nose to the brain via the epigenetic effects of food odors and pheromones on hormone-secreting nerve cells, not one that somehow links pictures to love and sexual desire. There’s no model for that!
References
Cacioppo, S., Bianchi-Demicheli, F., Frum, C., Pfaus, J. G., & Lewis, J. W. (2012). The Common Neural Bases Between Sexual Desire and Love: A Multilevel Kernel Density fMRI Analysis. J Sex Med, 9(4), 1048–1054.
Kohl, J. V. (2007). The Mind’s Eyes: Human pheromones, neuroscience, and male sexual preferences. In M. R. Kauth (Ed.), Handbook of the Evolution of Human Sexuality (pp. 313-369). Binghamton: Haworth Press.
Kohl, J. V. (2012). Human pheromones and food odors: epigenetic influences on the socioaffective nature of evolved behaviors. Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology, 2, 17338 – DOI: 17310.13402/snp.v17332i17330.17338.
LeVay, S. (2011). Gay, Straight, and the Reason Why: The Science of Sexual Orientation: Oxford University Press.
Pfaus, J., Kippin, T., Coria-Avila, G., Gelez, H., Afonso, V., Ismail, N., et al. (2012). Who, What, Where, When (and Maybe Even Why)? How the Experience of Sexual Reward Connects Sexual Desire, Preference, and Performance. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(1), 31-62.
Want more on the same topic?
Swipe/Drag Left and Right To Browse Related Posts:
The physics of existence (8)
2 MIN READ
0
MicroRNAs on Veteran’s Day 2019
< 1 MIN READ
0
The ‘confusant’ hypothesis
4 MIN READ
0
Michael Bloomberg for President (NOT) in 2020
2 MIN READ
0
The tipping point (revisited): 73,000 publications
5 MIN READ
0
The eternal significance of microRNAs (8)
2 MIN READ
0
The eternal significance of microRNAs (1)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Laws of Biology / Rules of Life
3 MIN READ
0
MicroRNAs biophysically constrain behavior
4 MIN READ
0
Creating biophysically constrained viral latency (2)
2 MIN READ
0
Eating electrons and excreting degraded energy
3 MIN READ
0
Natural selection for racism and all pathology
6 MIN READ
0
Until death: Virus-driven failure of multisensory integration (2)
6 MIN READ
0
Neurosteroids revisited two decades later
3 MIN READ
0
Physicists: Desperate Acts (revisited)
6 MIN READ
0
Expunging the distinguished public
2 MIN READ
0
Energy-dependent de novo creation and neurogenesis
7 MIN READ
0
From precis to pre-mRNA and proof of concept in F1, F2, F3
6 MIN READ
0
Hydrogen-atom energy in DNA base pairs
6 MIN READ
0
Energy-dependent cellular communication
3 MIN READ
0
Conserved biophotonic emissions
7 MIN READ
2
Antithetical conclusions (4)
3 MIN READ
0
Anthetical conclusions
3 MIN READ
0
Biophysically constrained cell type differentiation
3 MIN READ
0
Biophotonics, glycobiology, quantized biodiversity (2)
19 MIN READ
0
Biophotonics, glycobiology, quantized biodiversity
4 MIN READ
0
MicroRNAs and sexual orientation
8 MIN READ
0
Major transition ends use of silly theories
5 MIN READ
0
RNA methylation
2 MIN READ
0
Cracking the Olfactory Code?
5 MIN READ
0
Modelling life scientifically: RNA-mediated events
12 MIN READ
0
Energy-dependent RNA methylation (6)
9 MIN READ
0
Energy-dependent RNA methylation (3)
10 MIN READ
0
Energy-dependent RNA methylation (2)
5 MIN READ
0
Energy-dependent biodiversity (2)
2 MIN READ
0
Energy-dependent biodiversity
5 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated physics, chemistry, and molecular epigenetics (4)
5 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated physics, chemistry, and molecular epigenetics (3)
5 MIN READ
0
Wasted Templeton Funding (2)
2 MIN READ
0
Confusing effects and affects of visual input
2 MIN READ
0
Energy dependent RNA-mediated immunity (2)
10 MIN READ
0
Science vs semantics
4 MIN READ
0
Cytogenetic approaches link biosystems to ecosystems
3 MIN READ
0
Center stage RNA-mediated events (since 1996)
3 MIN READ
0
Juvenile hormone links atoms to ecosystems
3 MIN READ
0
Teleophobes vs teleophiles: a recent history
2 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated theory killers (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
7 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic (re)programming of behavior (3)
5 MIN READ
0
Assumptions prove ignorance
5 MIN READ
0
Theorists can’t understand biology
6 MIN READ
0
Cell type differentiation: atoms to ecosystems
2 MIN READ
0
Models are not theories (1)
2 MIN READ
0
The virome, microbiome, replisome and supercoiled DNA
2 MIN READ
0
Skip the politics; embrace the facts
5 MIN READ
0
700 million years of evolution?
5 MIN READ
0
Foundamentals of theory
4 MIN READ
0
Is mainstream science in “Science” pseudoscience?
5 MIN READ
0
Theorists have not seen the light
4 MIN READ
0
Multi-omic analysis features (SNPs, miRNA)
3 MIN READ
0
“New” quantum biology. Pirating the old
3 MIN READ
0
Thermotolerance and Longevity
57 MIN READ
0
The “great filter” is an epigenetic trap
4 MIN READ
0
Information and communication (2)
6 MIN READ
0
Viruses, amino acids, and somatic cell types (2)
5 MIN READ
0
Becoming biologically informed (3)
3 MIN READ
0
Riding the wrong direction
3 MIN READ
0
“New” epigenetic mechanism for lifelong learning?
3 MIN READ
0
Unconscious affect (revisited)
2 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated cell type differentiation: Honeybee
< 1 MIN READ
0
Uniquely epigenomic gene regulation
2 MIN READ
0
Alternative splicings: epigenetics meets pharmacogenomics
4 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic regulation of aging by glycine and GnRH
5 MIN READ
0
Pattern recognition: biogeochemical structure and function
5 MIN READ
0
Viruses and the human-like microbiome
3 MIN READ
0
Informing the biologically uninformed
< 1 MIN READ
0
Appetite for ingesting theories (raw)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Batch effect vs epigenetic effects
3 MIN READ
0
Bee-birthed epigenetics and primate cell types
5 MIN READ
0
Ignoring systems complexity (it’s too complicated)
3 MIN READ
0
Computing via phosphorylation and fixation
3 MIN READ
0
Virus-driven cancer treatment and prevention
2 MIN READ
0
A special issue on nutritional epigenetics
5 MIN READ
0
Retinoic acid + one receptor regulate the genome
3 MIN READ
0
Epigenetics: microRNAs effect an integrative pathway
4 MIN READ
0
Tissue type variation and expression of genes
< 1 MIN READ
0
Thermodynamics and protein folding landscapes
2 MIN READ
0
Nutrient-dependent RNA interference
4 MIN READ
0
MicroRNAs and memory
< 1 MIN READ
0
Viruses and ecologically adapted animals
2 MIN READ
0
Behavior (4): All responses are RNA-mediated in birds
4 MIN READ
0
Virus-driven origin of life
2 MIN READ
0
RNA-directed gene choice
5 MIN READ
0
Walk towards the light
< 1 MIN READ
0
RNA directed DNA methylation and cell types
4 MIN READ
0
Reverse phosphorylation
7 MIN READ
0
Nutritional epigenetics, exercise, and immune system integrity
4 MIN READ
0
The biologically-based origin of the mammalian placenta (2)
6 MIN READ
0
An epigenetic trap (the sequel)
10 MIN READ
0
ISHE's human ethology group
2 MIN READ
0
The future of physics predicts no future for evolutionary theory
3 MIN READ
0
Model organisms: the birds and the bees
3 MIN READ
0
Glycine and GnRH: Am I being pedantic?
4 MIN READ
0
Dual genomes: exposing the evolution industry
5 MIN READ
0
Meaningful dialogue, anonymous fools and idiot minions
4 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated events and "The Theory of Everything"
4 MIN READ
0
Sackler Colloquium: Effects or AFFECTS on Behavior
2 MIN READ
0
The key to science: experimental evidence
5 MIN READ
0
There’s a model for that!
5 MIN READ
0
Biologists puzzled by evolved RNAs and decaying DNA
6 MIN READ
0
More than a bag of chemicals?
2 MIN READ
0
Nothing new under the sun, except pseudoscientific nonsense
6 MIN READ
0
Intelligent viruses and cancers?
10 MIN READ
0
De novo DNA methylation?
3 MIN READ
0
Pharmacogenomics
3 MIN READ
0
A model of MHC 'evolution'
2 MIN READ
0
From deep time into real time: What evolutionary processes?
10 MIN READ
0
ALPHA GENOMIX
7 MIN READ
2
Nutrient-dependent gene duplication in plants (but not animals?)
4 MIN READ
0
No understanding of biodiversity
2 MIN READ
0
Understanding physical forces of ecological variation and adaptation
< 1 MIN READ
0
Eliminating evolutionary theory
3 MIN READ
0
2014 and 2004 Nobel Prize in Medicine
3 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated genetic engineering (Part 3)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Forces of "Nature" limit dissemination of information
4 MIN READ
0
Systems biology and memory disorders
3 MIN READ
0
Physics, Chemistry, and Molecular biology (PCMb)
2 MIN READ
0
Ecological variation and niche construction: 1, 2, 3
6 MIN READ
0
Epigenetically-effected metabolic shifts and ecological adaptations
3 MIN READ
0
Did our adapted mind evolve? (Revisited)
2 MIN READ
0
De novo gene Creation sans evolution of genes via mutations
4 MIN READ
0
Did our adapted mind evolve?
6 MIN READ
0
RNA-directed DNA methylation and RNA-mediated events
5 MIN READ
1
Memory of repression and memory of behavior (2)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Memory of repression and memory of behavior
2 MIN READ
0
Behavior (2): All responses are RNA-mediated not genetically-determined
4 MIN READ
0
Behavior: The first response is RNA-mediated not genetically-determined
3 MIN READ
0
Evolutionary heritage or ecological adaptation? Racism versus reality
4 MIN READ
0
Insect homology and diversity attributed to mutations
2 MIN READ
0
Comparing divergent model organisms
2 MIN READ
1
A microRNA-mediated mechanism that is epigenetically inherited
2 MIN READ
0
microRNAs differentiate neuronal cell types
3 MIN READ
0
Drunks and Monkeys: Pseudoscientific nonsense
2 MIN READ
0
Soft atheism: a case for Creation
< 1 MIN READ
0
Nutrition, pheromones and cancer (2)
2 MIN READ
0
MiRNAs methylation and ecological adaptation sans mutations
2 MIN READ
0
Nutrient-dependent cooperation vs cannibalism (video)
2 MIN READ
0
96 fixed amino acid substitutions, not 96 genes
6 MIN READ
0
Targeting a cancer gene
2 MIN READ
0
Social experiences epigenetically effect gene networks
2 MIN READ
0
Pheromone-controlled thermodynamics and cancer
2 MIN READ
0
Your comment is awaiting moderation
2 MIN READ
0
Functional coding variants are not mutations
2 MIN READ
0
Mirror neurons and microRNA: theory vs biological facts
4 MIN READ
0
Pheromones and cancer
4 MIN READ
0
Nutrient-dependent / pheromone-controlled social structure
2 MIN READ
0
Hormones effect sensitivity to androsterone
2 MIN READ
0
A flawed model: no tripartate synapse in the adult brain
3 MIN READ
0
Evolved development of olfactory systems
2 MIN READ
0
Epigenetics and metabolism converge with pheromone production
2 MIN READ
0
Behavioral epigenetics in ecological context
2 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic maintenance of transcription / neuronal migration
2 MIN READ
0
Epigenetics and evolutionary success
< 1 MIN READ
0
Non-random evolution of a “molecular handshake”
2 MIN READ
0
Adaptive evolution: Genetic selection against some disorders
3 MIN READ
0
Music to our ears and song in birds: a common sense approach
2 MIN READ
0
Thinking about what we know (or not)
2 MIN READ
0
A mathematical model of phenotypic cause, effects on genes, and affects on behavior
2 MIN READ
0
A newly discovered hypothalamic neurogenic niche in the brain
< 1 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic effects underlie sexual preferences II
3 MIN READ
0
One of the clearest examples of epigenetic effects
< 1 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic effects underlie sexual preferences (duh, and food preferences)
2 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic effects on chromatin and regulatation of gene expression (in Archaea?)
2 MIN READ
0
The genetics myth meets the great pheromone myth
2 MIN READ
0
Olfactory modulation of visual perception
2 MIN READ
0
Consequences and Evolution: The Cause That Works Backwards
4 MIN READ
0
Genetic Influences on Epigenetically Effected Disease
2 MIN READ
0
Why we love: Helen Fisher
< 1 MIN READ
0
Eat like a monkey; act like a monkey
2 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones: Epigenetic Effects on Hormones and Their Affects on Behavior
3 MIN READ
0
Creation vs Evolution: Expression of a newly found gene
2 MIN READ
0
Epistasis: Epigenetic effects of nutrient chemicals and their metabolism to pheromones
< 1 MIN READ
0
Are human pheromones chemosignals?
2 MIN READ
0
The logic of gene regulatory networks
3 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones: Epigenetic Effects of Odors and Their Affects on Behavior
2 MIN READ
0
Creating new genes (and controlling diversity)
2 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic effects of viruses on cellular homeostasis
< 1 MIN READ
0
The same neural mechanisms are at work in worms and humans
2 MIN READ
0
Diet epigenetically effects development of the primate brain
< 1 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones determine our social behavior (REJECTED)
3 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones: epigenetic effects
< 1 MIN READ
0
Pheromonemotionally speaking
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones: another attempt to change the concept
3 MIN READ
0
Nobel laureate challenges psychologists to clean up their act
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones and the fusiform fooled you area for face recognition
3 MIN READ
0
The Missing Transgenerational Epigenetic Links
2 MIN READ
0
Playing with breasts (e.g, with a new THEORY of why only heterosexual men love them)
3 MIN READ
0
Society for Social Neuroscience Presentation scheduled 10/11/12
2 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic effects on stochastic gene expression and evolutionary psychology
2 MIN READ
0
Genetic test predicts autism risk
< 1 MIN READ
0
The Ghost in Your Genes – BBC Horizon
< 1 MIN READ
0
Chemical conditioning of food reward and drug addiction
< 1 MIN READ
0
Embracing galaxy-wide, cellular, and brain complexity
2 MIN READ
0
Insect to human cognition
2 MIN READ
0
More complicated than 1-2-3
2 MIN READ
0
What to do with research results: Warning!
2 MIN READ
0
Mischaracterizations of adaptive evolution by psychologists and biologists
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones and the epigenetic effects of isolation
2 MIN READ
0
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of sexual orientation
2 MIN READ
0
Natural selection and the behavior of whole organisms
< 1 MIN READ
0
Natural Selection and the Complexity of the Genome
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones: an epigenetic continuum from microbes to mammals
3 MIN READ
0
Biological facts constrain proponents of random mutations theory
2 MIN READ
0
Pheromones, Reciprocity, and Prosocial Behavior
3 MIN READ
0
Is the language of God the god problem? (1530 words)
6 MIN READ
0
The Epigenetics of Drug Development and Cholesterol Levels
< 1 MIN READ
0
Woefully ignorant politicians and popular science (2)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Woefully ignorant politicians and popular science
2 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic alterations due to stress
< 1 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic effects on the evolution of behavior
2 MIN READ
0
Copulins: Human pheromones effect physiology and affect social behavior
2 MIN READ
0
Children’s healthy diets lead to healthier IQ
< 1 MIN READ
0
Pheromones and the phylogeny of operant and classical conditioning
2 MIN READ
0
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance via nutrient chemicals
1 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones and IQ via neurogenic and socio-cognitive niche construction
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones, nutrition, DNA, epigenetics
2 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones: Diversity of signaling pathways and a common response (Part 2)
2 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones: Diversity of signaling pathways and a common response
< 1 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones are like sugar (and spice)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Is Science Metaphysically Neutral About Free Will?
2 MIN READ
0
Oxytocin for everything?
2 MIN READ
1
A neuroscientific perspective on neurobiological differences in everyone
2 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones and Multi-level selection
< 1 MIN READ
0
Bee research, human sweet perception, human pheromones, and metabolic disorders
< 1 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones and Comparative Epigenomics
2 MIN READ
0
Smelling the difference between young and old
< 1 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones and the visual appeal of other people (Part Four)
3 MIN READ
0
A thought experiment
3 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones: Olfaction, odor receptors, learning, memory, mood, brains and behavior
< 1 MIN READ
0
A nutrient chemical and pheromone-dependent neurogenic niche
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromone- and nutrient-dependent brain development and behavior
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones and the visual appeal of other people (Part Three)
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones and the visual appeal of other people (Part one)
2 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones and brain development
2 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones: The smell of the scientific universe expanding
< 1 MIN READ
0
Pre-existing genetic variability or random mutations: a matter of priorities and choices
2 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones and Common Scents: Plants and Perfume
< 1 MIN READ
0
A fear of pheromones (revisited)
3 MIN READ
0
A fallacious leap? Ancestral and derived traits
3 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones in Socioaffective Neuroscience & Psychology
2 MIN READ
0
Love is a receptor-mediated event: the pervasive influence of the late Robert L. Moss
3 MIN READ
0
They are what they eat, and so are we
2 MIN READ
0
Exercise Alters Epigenetics
2 MIN READ
0
History of intelligence (550 words)
2 MIN READ
0
A Preoccupation With Modesty…
2 MIN READ
0
The biology of behavior: Seeing more clearly
< 1 MIN READ
0
Researchers Investigate Epigenetic Patterns In Multiple Conditions
< 1 MIN READ
0
Genes not culture drive humans forward (an antithetical approach)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Do Pheromones Play a Role in Our Sex Lives: Scientific American
< 1 MIN READ
0
Is Love in the Air? Human Pheromones and Axillary Chemistry by George Preti
3 MIN READ
0
Epigenetics and the connectome
2 MIN READ
0
Docosahexaenoic acid and autism: praying for hope, or preying on hope
< 1 MIN READ
0
Timing is key in the proper wiring of the brain: study
2 MIN READ
0
Behavioral epigenetics
2 MIN READ
0
Baiting evolutionary psychologists and others who damn religion
3 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones may influence brain chemistry into adulthood
< 1 MIN READ
0
Show me the science!
5 MIN READ
0
Baiting the behaviorist(s)
3 MIN READ
0
Theory versus biological facts: Mental modules and models for behavior
2 MIN READ
0
An organizing principle for our sense of smell
< 1 MIN READ
0
How pheromones work (in 57 words or more)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Pheromones and falling in love (circa 1974)
< 1 MIN READ
0
Trust the science. Don’t trust the hype
2 MIN READ
0
Men and women who stare at goats…
2 MIN READ
0
Pheromone-enhanced behavior in sexually inexperienced females
2 MIN READ
0
Epigenetic ‘memory’ key to nature versus nurture
< 1 MIN READ
0
The “yuck” factor: aversion to social odors?
2 MIN READ
0
The Mind’s Eyes: Mindful modeling of brain directed behavior
2 MIN READ
0
Study results: Human pheromones affect women’s behavior
< 1 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones and the Biology of Behavior
5 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones Affect Women's Behavior
2 MIN READ
0
A lesser role for olfaction and pheromones in humans?
1 MIN READ
0
Study results: Human pheromones influence human behavior
2 MIN READ
0
The great pheromone myth revisited (including biological factors in the development of sexuality)
4 MIN READ
0
The great pheromone myth revisited (including biological factors in the development of sexuality)
4 MIN READ
0
Wikipedia comments by James V. Kohl
5 MIN READ
0
Genes, Hormones, and Behavior (for other scientists)
4 MIN READ
0
A fundamental attribution error: Love at first sight
3 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones in tears automagically effect testosterone
2 MIN READ
0
Tears and fears of pheromones
2 MIN READ
0
Exotic Pheromones and Concentrates
2 MIN READ
0
Study Results: Human pheromones increase flirtatious behavior and ratings of attraction
2 MIN READ
0
Is it what he or she sees in you, or is it your pheromones?
2 MIN READ
0
Conditioning of the human pair bond by human pheromones
< 1 MIN READ
0
Human pheromones work by effecting hormones that affect behavior
2 MIN READ
0
Conditioned sexual arousal to odor
2 MIN READ
0
American and Canadian Mensa Presentation
< 1 MIN READ
0
The Great Pheromone Myth (opinion/review)
19 MIN READ
0
Scent of a woman: Men’s Testosterone Responses to Women's Scent
< 1 MIN READ
0
Luteinizing hormone, sex, and smell (18 years later)
2 MIN READ
0
