Origin and evolution of the genetic code
(click to enlarge)
Excerpt:
…it appears essentially certain that the evolution of the code involved some combination of frozen accident with selection for error minimization.
My comment: This claim from 2009 failed to address anything currently known to serious scientists about the Schrodinger’s claim from 1944, in What is Life?
Indeed, in the case of higher animals we know the kind of orderliness they feed upon well enough, viz. the extremely well-ordered state of matter in more or less complicated organic compounds, which serve them as foodstuffs. After utilizing it they return it in a very much degraded form -not entirely degraded, however, for plants can still make use of it. (These, of course, have their most power supply of โnegative entropyโ the sunlight)
My comment: The claim from 2009 also failed to address anything currently known to serious scientists about the Dobzhansky’s claim from 1973, in Nothing in Biology Makes Any Sense Except in the Light of Evolution.
Excerpt:
…the so-called alpha chains of hemoglobin have identical sequences of amino acids in man and the chimpanzee, but they differ in a single amino acid (out of 141) in the gorilla. ( p. 127)
My comment: The claim from 2009 also failed to address anything currently known to serious scientists about supercoiled DNA in the context of the Structural diversity of supercoiled DNA.
Conclusion:
Our data provide relative comparisons of supercoiling-dependent twisted, writhed, curved, and kinked conformations and associated base exposure. Each of these structural features may be differentially recognized by the proteins, nucleic acids, and small molecules that modulate DNA metabolic processes.
My comment: In the forward to Reprint Edition by Roger Penrose, who co-authored with George F.R. Ellis and Stephen Hawking, Penrose asks:
How often do we still hear that quantum effects can have little relevance in the study of biology, or even that we eat food in order to gain energy?
My comment: How much longer will the serious scientists who have linked nutrient uptake to hydrogen-atom transfer in DNA base pairs allow teleophobic pseudoscientists to claim that:
…it appears essentially certain that the evolution of the code involved some combination of frozen accident with selection for error minimization.
See also: A universal trend of amino acid gain and loss in protein evolution
Excerpt:
We cannot conceive of a global external factor that could cause, during this time, parallel evolution of amino acid compositions of proteins in 15 diverse taxa that represent all three domains of life and span a wide range of lifestyles and environments. Thus, currently, the most plausible hypothesis is that we are observing a universal, intrinsic trend that emerged before the last universal common ancestor of all extant organisms.
See also:
On origin of genetic code and tRNA before translation
RNA-amino acid binding: a stereochemical era for the genetic code
Absolute binding-free energies between standard RNA/DNA nucleobases and amino-acid sidechain analogs in different environments
Cross-species conservation of complementary amino acid-ribonucleobase interactions and their potential for ribosome-free encoding
My comment: How much longer will teleophobic theorists continue to ignore everything known to serious scientists about ecological variation and nutrient-dependent ecological adaptation, which is controlled by the physiology of reproduction in all living genera?
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A single amino acid substitution differentiates cell types of E. coli
3 MIN READ
0
Unconstrained evolutionary innovability
4 MIN READ
0
Mutagenesis: Replacing facts with theories
5 MIN READ
0
ISHE's human ethology group
2 MIN READ
0
Understanding cell type differentiation
3 MIN READ
0
From Hydra to humans vs a Lakatosian research program
4 MIN READ
0
Unified nutritional and molecular mechanisms
9 MIN READ
0
Models by evolutionary biologists are not models
2 MIN READ
0
Model organisms: the birds and the bees
3 MIN READ
0
Chemical ecology and RNA-mediated control of DNA loops
< 1 MIN READ
0
Atoms to ecosystems: Evolutionary theory vs the coelacanth
6 MIN READ
0
Jumping back: Science or Pseudoscience? (2)
2 MIN READ
0
Jumping back: Science or Pseudoscience?
6 MIN READ
0
Single-cell level assay of protein biosynthesis and degradation
2 MIN READ
0
Glycine and GnRH: Am I being pedantic?
4 MIN READ
0
Dual genomes: exposing the evolution industry
5 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated events and "The Theory of Everything"
4 MIN READ
0
Thermodynamic constraints and ecological adaptations sans evolution
6 MIN READ
0
Eliminating correlations from evolutionary ecology
6 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated species specificity
2 MIN READ
0
The key to science: experimental evidence
5 MIN READ
0
Biologists puzzled by evolved RNAs and decaying DNA
6 MIN READ
0
More than a bag of chemicals?
2 MIN READ
0
Nothing new under the sun, except pseudoscientific nonsense
6 MIN READ
0
Intelligent viruses and cancers?
10 MIN READ
0
Complex behaviors of cell types in cancer
6 MIN READ
0
De novo DNA methylation?
3 MIN READ
0
We need pattern recognition, not proclamations
3 MIN READ
0
We need pattern recognition, not a prologue
6 MIN READ
0
Sexual differentiation of cell types in plants
2 MIN READ
0
From deep time into real time: What evolutionary processes?
10 MIN READ
0
In theory, or supported by experimental evidence?
5 MIN READ
0
Are evolutionary theorists 'nob ends'?
5 MIN READ
2
No excuses: Creation and the meaning of organismal complexity
7 MIN READ
0
Nutrient-dependent gene duplication in plants (but not animals?)
4 MIN READ
0
Behavioral ecology: please continue to believe in our fantasies
3 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated genetic engineering (Part 3)
< 1 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated genetic engineering (Part 2)
3 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated genetic engineering
2 MIN READ
0
Genomic surveillance ends our world of RNA-mediated ecological adaptations
2 MIN READ
0
Physics, Chemistry, and Molecular biology (PCMb)
2 MIN READ
0
Physics denied; pseudoscientific nonsense accepted
2 MIN READ
0
Ecological variation and niche construction: 1, 2, 3
6 MIN READ
0
De novo gene Creation sans evolution of genes via mutations
4 MIN READ
0
Seemingly futile cycles are not thermodynamically futile
3 MIN READ
0
Probable changes in connectivity
2 MIN READ
0
Memory of repression and memory of behavior
2 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated species diversification from microbes to primates
3 MIN READ
0
RNA-mediated events found everywhere
2 MIN READ
0
Exploding genomes and chromosomal rearrangements via RNA-mediated events
2 MIN READ
0
Evolutionary heritage or ecological adaptation? Racism versus reality
4 MIN READ
0
Baby talk: More misrepresentations of ecological adaptations
2 MIN READ
0
Comparing divergent model organisms
2 MIN READ
1
Order and disorder: Ecological adaptations not mutations
6 MIN READ
0
The quantum biology of consciousness
3 MIN READ
0
Ecologically linked adapted ants and brains
2 MIN READ
0
Cell-type differentiation
2 MIN READ
0
Understanding the role of mutations and evolution
4 MIN READ
0
Functional vomeronasal receptor genes in primates?
2 MIN READ
0
Random mutations theory and pervasive mosaic evolution (the body)
2 MIN READ
0
Desmond Morris Syndrome: No selective advantage
2 MIN READ
0
A “new” form of natural selection?
2 MIN READ
0
Evolutionarily innovative DNA mistakes?
< 1 MIN READ
0
Natural Selection and the Complexity of the Genome
2 MIN READ
0
Human Pheromones and Multi-level selection
< 1 MIN READ
0
Is modeling natural selection as a sensing agent reasonable?
3 MIN READ
0
Bickering theorists: opinions about selfish genes and group selection
2 MIN READ
1
Cultural processes are biologically based
2 MIN READ
0
History of intelligence (550 words)
2 MIN READ
0
Honeybees, food odors, and perfume
< 1 MIN READ
0
Social selection: genetic contribution of viruses to life on earth
< 1 MIN READ
0
