The eternal significance of microRNAs (8)

By: James V. Kohl | Published on: May 15, 2018

Use of definitions in attempts to explain any aspect of species-specific biophysically constrained cell type differentiation and aging has been replaced by the use of model systems of biological processes.  Biological processes can be compared to so-called “evolutionary processes” to show that only biological processes need to be considered in the context of Darwin’s “conditions of life” or answers to the the question  What is Life? Schrödinger (1944).
K. L. Mettinger et al. (eds.), Exosomes, Stem Cells and MicroRNA, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology 1056, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74470-4_6

This volume provides insight into the pivotal roles of stem cells, exosomes and other microvesicles in biofunction and molecular mechanisms and their therapeutic potential in translational nanomedicine. It further highlights evidence from recent studies as to how stem cell derived exosomes and microRNAs may restore and maintain tissue homeostasis, enable cells to recover critical cellular functions and begin repair regeneration.

Chapter 2 The Emerging Roles of microRNAs in Stem Cell Aging

involved in many biological processes such as developmental timing, differentiation, cell death, stem cell proliferation and differentiation, immune response, aging and cancer. Accumulating studies in recent years suggest that miRNAs play crucial roles in stem cell division and differentiation. In the present chapter, we present a brief overview of these studies and discuss their contributions toward our understanding of the importance of miRNAs in normal and aged stem cell function in various model systems.

Chapter 6  MicroRNAs, Regulatory Messengers Inside and Outside Cancer Cells

…like hormones, miRNAs can be secreted and regulate gene expression in recipient cells. Altered expression levels of miRNAs in cancer cells determine the acquisition of fundamental biological capabilities (hallmarks of cancer) responsible for the development and progression of the disease.

Model systems link the energy-dependent creation of microRNAs from microRNA biogenesis to the regulation of all cancer hallmarks. The virus-driven degradation of messenger RNA has been linked to all cancers and all other pathology in species from microbes to humans. Natural selection for energy-dependent codon optimality has been linked to healthy longevity.
See: Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal-to-zygotic transition
See for comparison:  The Neutral Theory in Light of Natural Selection May 2, 2018

…50 years after its introduction by Kimura. We argue that the neutral theory was supported by unreliable theoretical and empirical evidence from the beginning, and that in light of modern, genome-scale data, we can firmly reject its universality. The ubiquity of adaptive variation both within and between species means that a more comprehensive theory of molecular evolution must be sought.

The ubiquity of adaptive variation attests to the facts about how the creation of quantized energy is linked to biophysically constrained viral latency. Adaptive variation links energy-dependent changes from angstroms to ecosystems in all living genera  via the physiology of their food energy-dependent pheromone-controlled reproduction.

For comparison to mRNA stability during the maternal-to-zygotic transition, see: Oppositional COMT Val158Met effects on resting state functional connectivity in adolescents and adults

The energy-dependent molecular mechanisms of recombination clearly link microRNA biogenesis to the stability of organized genomes during the life histories of all genera. Serious scientists object to the use of definitions in attempts to explain any aspect of species-specific biophysically constrained cell type differentiation.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy (3rd edition)

…it is tiresome to raise the same objections repeatedly, wondering why researchers have not fulfilled some of the basic requirements for establishing the occurrence of an autophagic process.

 


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