gene expression

Conserved biophotonic emissions

Human high intelligence is involved in spectral redshift of biophotonic activities in the brain The tendency of the spectral redshift of glutamate-induced biophotonic emissions in this study is in the order of frog, mouse, chicken, pig, monkey, and human, which is almost consistent with the phylogenetic tree. Although the present imaging technique could not distinguish Conserved biophotonic emissions

Antithetical conclusions (4)

Evidence for sex-specific genetic architectures across a spectrum of human complex traits …will need to disentangle whether sex genetic heterogeneity may arise as a consequence of interactions with genetic loci located on the sex chromosomes, differences in gene control due to differences in the sex-specific cellular environment, or more general differences in environmental exposures between Antithetical conclusions (4)

Anthetical conclusions (2)

From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior (1996) …ribosomal proteins S4X and S4Y (rpS4X, rpS4Y) are produced by sexually dimorphic genes whose protein products are sexually dimorphic. This suggests the possibility of subtle nuances in the ribosomal translation of at least some mRNA, in certain cell types (Fisher et al.,1990; Zinn et al., 1994). Small intranuclear Anthetical conclusions (2)

Non-random pheromone-controlled cell type differentiation

Experience-Dependent Plasticity Drives Individual Differences in Pheromone-Sensing Neurons Aug 17, 2016   •Individual differences in cell types are not random •Sex differences in pheromone-sensing neurons are controlled by experience •Changes in specific cell types are governed via “use it and lose it” plasticity •Targeting plasticity to specific cell types changes animal behavior This was reported Non-random pheromone-controlled cell type differentiation

GC-rich neo-Darwinian train wreck

Targeted Epigenetic Remodeling of Endogenous Loci by CRISPR/Cas9-Based Transcriptional Activators Directly Converts Fibroblasts to Neuronal Cells Excerpt: In this study, we demonstrate direct cellular reprogramming to induced neuronal cells through targeted activation of endogenous genes. Excerpt: Moreover, a recent study demonstrated that reprogramming efficiency can be limited by divergence to a competing cell identity (Treutlein GC-rich neo-Darwinian train wreck

Biophotonics, glycobiology, quantized biodiversity

Historical perspective: From Fertilization to Adult Sexual Behavior Excerpt: Small intranuclear proteins also participate in generating alternative splicing techniques of pre-mRNA and, by this mechanism, contribute to sexual differentiation in at least two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans (Adler and Hajduk, 1994; de Bono, Zarkower, and Hodgkin, 1995; Ge, Zuo, and Manley, 1991; Green, Biophotonics, glycobiology, quantized biodiversity

Light ‘drives’ adaptation; nothing ‘drives’ evolution

Codon identity regulates mRNA stability and translation efficiency during the maternal‐to‐zygotic transition Abstract: Cellular transitions require dramatic changes in gene expression that are supported by regulated mRNA decay and new transcription. The maternal-to-zygotic transition is a conserved developmental progression during which thousands of maternal mRNAs are cleared by post-transcriptional mechanisms. Although some maternal mRNAs are Light ‘drives’ adaptation; nothing ‘drives’ evolution

RNA methylation (revisited)

N 6-Methyladenosine (m6A) Methylation in mRNA with A Dynamic and Reversible Epigenetic Modification Excerpt: …the reversible and dynamic m6A RNA methylation, the most prevalent internal modification in mRNA, plays broad and key roles in diverse biological processes. Through the functional interactions with m6A methyltransferases, demethylases, and m6A-binding proteins, this epigenetic modification affects various aspects of RNA methylation (revisited)